Isaac Newton Biography - Part 2

Isaac Newton Biography - Part 2    Clique para baixar o AUDIO     www.ingvip.com

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1. Newton was able to find(1) the exact relationship(2) between distance and gravity. He multiplied the mass(3) of one space object by the mass of the other. Then he divided that number by the square(4) of their distance apart(5). The result was the strength(6) of the gravity force that tied(7) them to each other(8).

2. Newton proved his idea by measuring(9) how much gravity force would be needed to keep(10) the moon orbiting the Earth. Then he measured the mass of the Earth and the moon, and the distance between them. He found that his measurement(11) of the gravity force produced was not the same as(12) the force needed. But the numbers were close(13).

3. Newton did not tell anyone about his discovery. He put it aside(14) to work on other ideas. Later, with correct measurements of the size of the Earth, he found that the numbers were exactly the same. Newtonspent time(15) studying light and colors. He used a three-sided piece of glass(16) called a prism.

4. He sent a beam of sunlight(17) through the prism. It fell(18) on a white surface(19). The prism separated the beam of sunlight into the colors of a rainbow(20). Newton believed that all these colors -- mixed together in light -- produced the color white. He proved this by letting the beam of rainbow-colored light pass through(21) another prism. This changed the colored light back to white light.

5. Newton's study of light led(22) him to learn why faraway(23) objects seen through a telescope do not seem(24) sharp(25) and clear. The curved glass lenses(26) at each end of the telescope acted like prisms. They produced a circle of colored light around(27) an object. This created an unclear picture.

6. Newton invented a new kind of(28) telescope, the reflecting telescope. Today, the world's largest telescopes are of this basic design. A few years later, Newton built a different kind of telescope. It used a curved mirror(29) to make faraway objects seem larger. Light reflected from the surface of the mirror, instead of(30) passing through a curved glass lens. Newton's reflecting telescope produced much clearer pictures than the old kind of telescope.

7. Years later, the British astronomer Edmund Halley visited Newton. He said he wanted Newton's help in finding an answer to a problem no one had been able to solve(31). The question was this: What is thepath(32) of a planet going around the sun?

Newton immediately gave Halley the answer: an egg-shaped(33) path called an ellipse.

8. Halley was surprised. He asked for Newton's proof(34). Newton no longer(35) had the papers from his earlier work. He was able to recreate them, however(36). He showed them to Halley. He also showed Halley all his other scientific work. Halley said Newton's scientific discoveries were the greatest ever made(37). He urged(38) Newton to share(39) them with the world.

9. Newton began(40) to write a book that explained what he had done. It was published in sixteen eighty-seven. Newton called his book “The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.” The book is considered the greatest scientific work ever written(41). In his book, Newton explains the three natural laws of motion(42).

10. The first law is that an object not moving remains still(44). And one that is moving continues to move at an unchanging(44) speed, so long as(45) no outside force influences it. Objects in space continue to move, because nothing exists in space to stop them. Newton's second law of motion describes(46) force. It says force equals the mass of an object, multiplied by the change in speed it produces in an object. His third law says that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

11. From these three laws, Newton was able to show how the universe worked(47). He proved it with easily understood(48) mathematics. Scientists everywhere accepted Newton's ideas. The leading(48)English poet of Newton's time, Alexander Pope, honored(50) the scientist with these words: "Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night. God(51) said, --'Let Newton be!' - and all was light. "

1. was able to find = conseguiu encontrar
2. relationship = relação entre
3. mass = massa
4. square = quadrado
5. apart = separadamente
6. strength = força
7. tied = prendia, unia
8. each other = um ao outro
9. measuring = medindo
10. keep = manter
11. measurement = medição
12. the same as = a mesma que
13. close = aproximado
14. put it aside = deixou de lado
15. spent time = passou tempo
16. glass = vidro
17. beam of sunlight = feixe de luz do sol
18. fell = caiu
19. surface = superfície
20. rainbow = arco-íris
21. through = através
22. led = levou, conduziu
23. faraway = distante
24. seem = parecer
25. sharp = nítido
26. lenses = lentes

27. around = ao redor de
28. kind of = tipo de
29. mirror = espelho
30. instead of = ao invest de
31. had been able to solve = tinha sido capaz de solucionar
32. path = caminho
33. egg-shaped = com forma oval
34. proof = prova
35. no longer = não mais
36. however = contudo
37. ever made = já feita
38. urged = incentivou
39. share = compartilhar
40. began = começou
41. written = escrito
42. laws of motion = leis do movimento
43. remains still = permanece parado
44. unchanging = inalterado(a)
45. so long as = enquanto
46. describes = descreve
47. worked = funcionava
48. easily understood = facilmente compreensível
49. leading = principal
50. ficam escondidas
51. God = Deus