Mostrando postagens com marcador Old. Mostrar todas as postagens
Mostrando postagens com marcador Old. Mostrar todas as postagens

terça-feira, 21 de junho de 2011

The Future of English the Big mix and miscellaneous of Languages


Source: www.speakup.com.br

As a matter fact English is a miscellaneous of Languages, it was born due the need of the World Population communicating each other. Check out the text THE FUTURE OF ENGLISH, THE BIG MIX. And le me know what do you think of.

The owner of the text by William Sutton.

Imagine a situation where diverse cultural groups are thrown together. They need to communicate for trade and technology. Many of them speak more or less the same language, but variations in vocabulary and grammar cause misunderstandings.

Sounds like the internet today? Not at all: this is a description of theBritish Isles in the first millennium.

FROM SMALL BEGINNINGS

English had tiny beginnings. In 500 A.D., it was spoken by perhaps twenty thousand people – less than today speak Cherokee Indian, an endangered language.

The Angles invaded from Angeln in Schleswig (modern Germany) in the 5th century AD. Other Germanic tribes, the Jutes and Saxons settled in the south, while the Angles took the rest, as far as Edinburgh.

The country became known as “Engla Land” (Land of the Angles) and their language as Englisc. From the older languages, Celtic and Latin, only place names survived: Avon is Celtic for river: Chester, Leicester and Lancaster from Latin “castra,” camp. Indeed the word Wales derives from Old English for “foreigners.”

Old English provides all the most common words in modern English: the, is, you, man, house, drink, here, there. It gives us almost all our numbers, personal pronouns, auxiliary verbs, prepositions and conjunctions. Likewise, fundamental concepts: life and death, day and night, month and year, heat and could, love and hate. It is also responsible for irregular past tense and unpredictable pronunciation.

CHANGING TIMES

Alfred the Great, king of Wessex (that is, West Saxon), was the first great promoter of English. he translated St. Augustine’s Latin for his countrymen to read. He also made peace with invading Vikings. As the Norsemen settled peacefully across England, they because the first to need instant E.F.L. lessons.

Although simplified, Old English was enriched by Scandinavian words: happy, ugly, wrong, die. This gave us synonymous pairs: besides Anglo-Saxon wish we have Norse want: we have craft and skill, rear and raise.

FRENCH RYING

Everything changed when the Norman invasion of 1066 subjugated English. consider the language of food. Words for the meat cooked for the Norman aristocracy – beef, pork and venison – derive from French , domestic animals remain distinctly Anglo-Saxon: cow, pig and deer.

The words city, palace and residence are French; but town, house and home are English. Tradesmen have English names: baker, builder, fisherman, shoemaker. But skilled artisans derive from French: carpenter, painter, tailor.

Synonyms from this period are revealing: freedom and liberty, love and affection, truth and veracity. Still today, people regard words of Anglo-Saxon origin as less intellectual than words with French and Latin origins – and therefore more trustworthy.

NEW HORIZONS

As the Age of Colonialism brought English to new shores, native languages form Canada, Australia, South Africa and India colonized and enriched it with new animals (kangaroo, chimpanzee), plants (tea, tobacco) and clothes (pyjamas, anorak).

Back home, the Enlightenment lifted scientific words form Greek and Latin. Musical language was taken from Italian. Martial arts have come from the Far East. Still today, neologisms from around the globe are added to dictionaries every year.

Will English be ruined by this new input? Should we raise the alarm? Ban foreign words, as the French and Germans have? Surely not. There may be no such thing as a pure language, but English is even less pure than most. From the first, it was a means of communication for diverse ethnic and linguistic groups, a mixed-up mongrel. This ability to absorb and mutate may give it just the right pedigree for the challenges of a global future.

Graffiti to Glasnost: The Origin of English Words

Modern English is half Germanic and half Romance, but it has acquired the largest vocabulary of any language by freely adopting and adopting words from countless languages.

Old English (Anglo Saxon): England, man, child water, house.
Old Norse (Viking): Seat, window, ill, ugly.
French: Royal, beef, menu, hotel.
Latin: Family, wine, school.
Greek: Telephone, grammar.
Italian: Crescendo, vibrato, belvedere, grotto, extravaganza.
Spanish: Cannibal, guerrilla, mosquito, tornado, vanilla.
Portuguese: Marmalade, flamingo.
Dutch: Yacht, boss, cookie, apartheid, commando, trek.
Gaelic/Irish: Hooligan, clan, slogan, whisky.
Japanese: Kimono, tycoon, hara-kiri, samurai, tsunami.
Hindi: Guru, jungle, cheetah, shampoo, pyjamas, polo.
Persian: Paradise, divan, lilac, bazaar, caravan, chess.
Aboriginal Australian: Kangaroo, wallaby, boomerang, budgerigar.
Hebrew: Cherub, hallelujah, messiah, jubilee.
Arabic: alchemy, alcohol, assassin, cipher, syrup, zero.
Norwegian: Ski.
Finnish: Sauna.
Czech: Robot.
Turkish: coffee, kiosk, caviar.
Chinese: Tea.
Malay: Ketchup, bamboo, junk, orangutan.
Polynesian: Taboo, tattoo.
Inuit (Eskimo): Kayak, igloo, anorak. 

Liked this blog? Please use the social networks for promoting. Thank you for your help in advance. 

sexta-feira, 29 de abril de 2011

THE THEATRE OF DREAMS...OLD TRAFFORD

Source: Speak Up
OLD TRAFFORD


THE THEATRE OF DREAMS

THE HOME OF MANCHESTER UNITED

Manchester United for “Man Utd” is one of the top three football clubs in the world along with Real Madrid and Barcelona. The team know internationally as the “Red Devils” is one of the most successful in the history of the game but its origins were decidedly humble.

NEWTON HEATH

The club began life in 1978 as Newton Health LYR Football Club. It was formed by the Carriage and Wagon department of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway at its depot at Newton Heath in north-east Manchester. Originally an amateur team, in 1892 it joined the Fist Divison of the Football League (which had been formed in 1888), but was relegated to the Second Divison after only two season. The team now known  and loved worldwide almost never happened, because in January 1902, with debts of £2.670 (the equivalent to £210.000 in 2010, but nothing compared with its current debt of £520 million!, it was practically bankrupt. Fortunately for future fans, four local businessmen paid £500 each to buy the club, and then changed its name. On April 26th 1902. Manchester United was officially born and, following its first league title in 1908 and the FA Cup a year later. Old Trafford was named as the team’s future home United played their first match thee on February 19th, 1910, against Liverpool, who beat them 4-3 (today Liverpool, rather than Manchester City, are United’s most bitter rivals). Last  year marked Old Trafford’s centenary.

BOBBY CHARLTON

The original plan for Old Trafford included room for 100.000 spectators, but it was eventually revised to 77.000. on March 25th 1939 the stadium registered a record attendance of 76.962, no for a home team match, but for an FA Cup semi-final between Woverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town, which resulted in a draw. Old Trafford got its nickname when Bobby Charlton, one of Manchester United’s most famous players, called it “The Theatre of Dreams.” Fans may never get to play on the hallowed ground – they aren’t even allowed to touch it – but they come to see it from all over the world. “It’s the wow factor they get as they step out into the stadium and sees it live at the first time,” says Alan Bradshaw, one of the tour guides. “. “Most of them will have seen it many, many times on television but just to be in one of the stands or to sit in the manager’s box, where they’ve seen Sir Alex Ferguson sit during a match, is magical for them.”

Another bit thrill is the visit to the home team’s changing rooms, where shirts with each player’s name hang from hooks in the wall. Everyone wants to have their photograph taken alongside the jersey of a favorite player. Sadly the shirts are copies, but at least fans may dream.

MUNICH

The tour also acknowledges that tragic dy in the late 1950s when British European Airways flight 609 crashed on take off from Munich. On board were the “Busby Babes.” A nickname given of the young player because of their manager. Matt Busby (a Scotsman, like Ferguson). Of the 38 passengers, 19 died with another three dying later in hospital as a result of their injuries. Eight of the victims were players, including another United legend, 21 –year-old Duncan Edwards, although (20-year-old) Bobby Charlton survived. One of Old Trafford’s more touching monuments is a clock with features the date of the disaster, “Feb 6th 1958.”

For more information visit: http://www.manutd.com .