English Language origin, part II

English Language origins – Part II  audio

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1. The next great invasion of Britain came from the far north beginning about one thousand one hundred years ago. Fierce people called Vikings raided the coast areas of Britain. The Vikings came from Denmark, Norway and other northern countries. They were looking to capture trade goods and slaves and take away anything of value.

2. In some areas, the Vikings became so powerful they built temporary bases. These temporary bases sometimes became permanent. Later, many Vikings stayed in Britain.

3. Many English words used today come from these ancient Vikings. Words like "sky," "leg," "skull," "egg," "crawl," " lift" and "take" are from the old languages of the far northern countries.

4. The next invasion of Britain took place more than nine hundred years ago, in ten sixty-six. History experts call this invasion the Norman Conquest. William the Conqueror led it.

5. The Normans were a French-speaking people from Normandy in the north of France. They became the new rulers of Britain. These new rulers spoke only French for several hundred years.

6. It was the most important language in the world at that time. It was the language of educated people. But the common people of Britain still spoke Old English.

7. Old English took many words from the Norman French. Some of these include "damage,"  "prison," and "marriage." Most English words that describe law and government come from Norman French. Words such as "jury," "parliament," and "justice." 

8. The French language used by the Norman rulers greatly changed the way English was spoken by eight hundred years ago.  English became what language experts call Middle English. As time passed, the ruling Normans no longer spoke true French. Their language had become a mix of French and Middle English. 

9. Middle English sounds like modern English. But it is very difficult to understand now.  Many written works from this period have survived. Perhaps the most famous was written by Geoffrey Chaucer, a poet who lived in London and died there in fourteen hundred.

10. Chaucer's most famous work is "The Canterbury Tales," written more than six hundred years ago. "The Canterbury Tales" is a collection of poems about different people traveling to the town of Canterbury.  Listen for a few moments as Warren Scheer reads the beginning of Chaucer's famous "Canterbury Tales."

11. Whan that aprill with his shoures soote The droghte of march hath perced to the roote, And bathed every veyne in swich licour Of which vertu engendred is the flour;  Whan zephirus eek with his sweete breeth Inspired hath in every holt and heath.  

12. Now listen as Mister Scheer reads the same sentences again, but this time in Modern English. When April with his showers sweet with fruit The drought of March has pierced unto the root And bathed each vein with liquor that has power To generate therein and sire the flower; When Zephyr also has, with his sweet breath, Quickened again, in every holt and heath, The tender shoots and buds, and the young sun.

13. English language experts say Geoffrey Chaucer was the first important writer to use the English language. They also agree that Chaucer's great Middle English poem gives us a clear picture of the people of his time.

14. The prologue you just heard describes a group of religious travelers going to Canterbury. To entertain themselves, they agree to tell stories while they travel.

15. The Knight's Tale is about two men who compete for the love of a beautiful woman. The Miller's Tale is a funny story that tells about a young man who is in love with a married woman. The two play a mean trick on the woman's old husband.

16. One of the most famous characters in the series of stories is the Wife of Bath. She is a strong, and opinionated woman who likes to talk about her many adventures in life and marriage. 

17. Some of the people described in "The Canterbury Tales" are wise and brave; some are stupid and foolish. Some believe they are extremely important. Some are very nice, others are mean. But they all still seem real.

18. The history of the English language continues as Middle English becomes Modern English, which is spoken today. That will be our story next time.

                                             Vocabulary

1. a few = alguns
2. About = aproximadamente
3. Adventures = aventuras
4. agree that = concordam que
5. As = à medida em que
6. bathed = banhou
7. became = tornaram-se
8. Beginning = começando
9. Brave = valente
10. breath = respiração
11. Buds = botões de flor
12. built = construíram
13. call = chamar
14. came from = veio de
15. characters = personagens
16. Conqueror = conquistador
17. Crawl = rastejar
18. Damage = dano
19. Denmark = Dinamarca
20. Describe = descrevem
21. describes = descreve
22. Died = morreu
23. drought = seca
24. entertain = distrair-se, entreter-se
25. Experts = especialistas
26. Far = longe
27. Fierce = feroz
28. Foolish = tolo(a)
29. French-speaking = de lingual francesa
30. Funny = engraçado(a)
31. Goods = mercadorias
32. greatly = enormemente
33. Heath = mata, matagal
34. Holt = árvore
35. husband = esposo
36. in love with = apaixonado por
37. just heard = acabou de ouvir
38. Knight = cavaleiro
39. Later = mais tarde
40. Law = lei
41. Led = liderou
42. Leg = perna
43. Longer = não mais
44. Marriage = casamento
45. married = casado(a)
46. mean = malvado
47. Nice = simpatico
48. Northern = Setentrional (do norte)
49. Norway = Noruega
50. Opinionated = teimoso(a)
51. Perhaps = talvez
52. pierced = penetrou
53. powerful = poderoso
54. Quickened = apressou
55. Raided = atacaram
56. root = raiz
57. Rulers = governadores, dominadores
58. Seem = parecer
59. Several = vários
60. Shoots = galhos
61. showers = pancadas de chuva
62. sire = gerar
63. Skull = crânio
64. sometimes = às vezes
65. sounds like = parece-se com
66. Stayed = ficaram
67. Still = ainda
68. Strong = forte
69. such as = tais como
70. survived = sobreviveram
71. take away = tirar, roubar
72. Tales = contos
73. Tender = tenro
74. therein = nisto
75. this time = desta vez
76. Took = tirou
77. took place = ocorreu
78. Trade = commercial, comércio
79. travelers = viajantes
80. trick = truque, enganação
81. True = verdadeiro
82. way = forma
83. while = enquanto
84. Wife = esposa
85. Wise = sábio(a)
86. Words = palavras
87. Writer = escritor