Columbus Sails, Others Follow, and Spain Is on Top of the World

Source:http://www.manythings.org/voa/history/2.html

Welcome to THE MAKING OF A NATION – American history in VOA Special English.

In the United States, October ninth is observed as Leif Erickson Day. It honors the Norse explorer who sailed around the northeastern coast of what we now call North America about one thousand years ago. Leif Erickson and his crew returned home to Greenland with news of a place he called "Vinland."

Following his explorations, a few settlements were built. Experts digging in eastern Canada in the 1960s found the remains of a village with houses like those in Greenland, Iceland and Norway. But the Norse did not establish any permanent settlements in North America.

Today, as we launch our series from the beginning again, Sarah Long and Rich Kleinfeldt tell the story of early European explorers in North America.

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About ten hundred, Europe was beginning a period of great change. One reason was the religious wars known as the crusades. These wars were efforts by Europeans who were mainly Roman Catholic Christians. They wanted to force Muslims out of what is now the Middle East. The crusades began at the end of the eleventh century. They continued for about two hundred years.

The presence of European armies in the Middle East increased trade, which was controlled by businessmen in Venice and other Italian city-states. The businessmen were earning large profits by transporting and supplying the warring armies.

When the European crusaders returned home, they brought with them some new and useful products. The products included spices, perfumes, silk cloth, steel products and drugs. Such products became highly valued all over Europe. Increased trade resulted which led to the growth of towns. It also created a large number of rich European businessmen.

The European nations were growing. They developed armies and governments. These had to be paid for by taxes from the people. By the 15th century, European countries were ready to explore new parts of the world.

The first explorers were the Portuguese. By 1400, they wanted to control the Eastern spice trade. European businessmen did not want to continue paying Venetian and Arab traders for their costly spices. They wanted to set up trade themselves. If they could sail to Asia directly for these products, the resulting trade would bring huge profits.

The leader of Portugal's exploration efforts was Prince Henry, a son of King John the first. He was interested in sea travel and exploration. So he became known as Henry the Navigator.

Prince Henry brought experts to his country and studied the sciences involved in exploration. He built an observatory to study the stars. Portuguese sea captains led their ships around the west coast of Africa hoping to find a path to India and East Asia. They finally found the end of the African continent, the area called the Cape of Good Hope.

It took the Portuguese only about fifty years to take control of the spice trade. They established trading colonies in Africa, the Persian Gulf, India and China.

Improvements in technology helped them succeed. One improvement was a new kind of ship. It could sail more easily through ocean storms and winds.

Other inventions like the compass permitted them to sail out of sight of land. The Portuguese also armed their ships with modern cannon. They used these weapons to battle Muslim and East Asian traders.

(MUSIC)

The other European nations would not permit Portugal to control this trade for long, however. Spain's Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand agreed to provide ships, crew and supplies for an exploration by an Italian seaman, Christopher Columbus.

Columbus thought the shortest way to reach the East was to sail west across the Atlantic Ocean. He was right. But he also was wrong. He believed the world was much smaller than it is. He did not imagine the existence of other lands and another huge ocean area between Europe and East Asia.

Columbus and a crew of eighty-eight men left Spain on August third, 1492, in three ships.  On October twelfth, they stood on land again on an island that Columbus named San Salvador.

He explored it, and the nearby islands of what is now known as Cuba and Hispaniola. He believed they were part of the coast of East Asia, which was called the Indies. He called the people he found there Indians.

Columbus left about forty men on the island to build a fort from the wood of one of the ships. He returned to Spain with captured natives, birds, plants and gold. Columbus was considered a national hero when he reached Spain in March, 1493.

Columbus returned across the Atlantic Ocean to the Caribbean area five months later. This time, he had many more men and all the animals and equipment needed to start a colony on Hispaniola. He found that the protective fort built by his men had been destroyed by fire. Columbus did not find any of his men.

Seven months later, Columbus sent five ships back to Spain. They carried Indians to be sold as slaves. Columbus also sailed back to Spain leaving behind some settlers who were not happy with conditions.

Christopher Columbus made another trip in 1498, with six ships. This time he saw the coast of South America. The settlers were so unhappy with conditions in the new colony, Columbus was sent back to Spain as a prisoner. Spain's rulers pardoned him.

In 1502, Columbus made his final voyage to what some were calling the New World. He stayed on the island of Jamaica until he returned home in 1504.

During all his trips, Columbus explored islands and waterways, searching for a passage to the Indies. He never found it. He also did not find spices or great amounts of gold. Yet, he always believed that he had found the Indies. He refused to recognize that it was really a new world.

Evidence of this was all around him -- strange plants that were not known in either Europe or Asia and a different people who did not understand any language spoken in the East.

Columbus' voyages, however, opened up the new world. Others later explored all of North America.

You may be wondering about the name of this new land. If Christopher Columbus was the first European to attempt to settle the new world, why is it called "America"? The answer lies with the name of an Italian explorer, Amerigo Vespucci.

He visited the coast of South America in 1499. He wrote stories about his experiences that were widely read in Europe.

In 1507, a German mapmaker read Vespucci's stories. He decided that the writer had discovered the new world and suggested that it be called America in his honor. So it was.

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Spanish explorers sought to find gold and power in the New World. They also wanted to expand belief in what they considered to be the true religion, Christianity.

The first of these Spanish explorers was Juan Ponce de Leon. He landed on North America in 1513. He explored the eastern coast of what is now the southern state of Florida. He was searching for a special kind of water that people in Europe believed existed. They believed that this water could make old people young again. Ponce de Leon never found it.

Also in 1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and reached the Pacific Ocean. In 1519, Hernan Cortes landed an army in Mexico and destroyed the empire of the Aztec Indians.

That same year Ferdinand Magellan began his three-year voyage around the world. And in the 1530s, Francisco Pizarro destroyed the Inca Indian empire in Peru.

Ten years later, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado had marched as far north as the central American state of Kansas and west to the Grand Canyon. About the same time, Hernan de Soto reached the Mississippi River. Fifty years after Columbus first landed in San Salvador, Spain claimed a huge area of America.

The riches of these new lands made Spain the greatest power in Europe. But other nations refused to accept Spain's claim to rights in the new world. Explorers from England, France and Holland also were traveling to North America. That will be our story next week.

(MUSIC)

This MAKING OF A NATION program was written by Nancy Steinbach and produced by Paul Thompson. This is Rich Kleinfeldt. And this is Sarah Long. Join us again next week for another Special English program about the history of the United States.

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This was program #2 of THE MAKING OF A NATION 

American History: Truman's Second Term

Source: www.voaews.com

Photo: AP

Air Force planes fly over the Capitol building on January 20, 1949, during the inaugural parade for President Harry Truman

STEVE EMBER: Welcome to THE MAKING OF A NATION – American history in VOA Special English. I’m Steve Ember

(MUSIC)

This week in our series, we continue the story of America's thirty-third president, Harry Truman.

Truman was sometimes called an "accidental" president. He only became president because he was vice president when Franklin Roosevelt died in nineteen forty-five.

In the election of nineteen forty-eight, Truman ran for a full term. As we told you last week, many experts predicted he would lose. But voters chose him over the Republican Party candidate, Thomas E. Dewey, the governor of New York. Americans also elected a Congress with a majority from Truman's Democratic Party.

The president might have expected a Congress led by his own party to support his policies. But that did not always happen. Time after time, Democrats from southern states joined in voting with conservative Republicans. Together, these lawmakers defeated some of Truman's most important proposals. One of the defeated bills was a proposal for health care insurance for every American.

AP

Mao Zedong in Tiananmen Square on October 1, 1949

One of the major issues during Truman's second term was fear of communism. After World War Two, Americans watched as one eastern European nation after another became an ally of the Soviet Union. Soviet leader Josef Stalin wanted to see communism spread around the world. And Americans watched as China became communist in nineteen forty-nine, as forces led by Mao Zedong defeated the Chinese Nationalists after a civil war that had lasted more than ten years.

During this tense period, there were charges that communists held important jobs in the United States government. These fears, real or imagined, became known as the "Red Scare."

SENATOR JOSEPH McCARTHY: “Even if there were only one communist in the State Department –- (repeats) Even if there were only one Communist in the State Department, that would still be one communist too many.”

(MUSIC)

A Republican senator from Wisconsin, Joseph McCarthy, led the search for communists in America. In speeches and congressional hearings, he accused hundreds of people of being communists or communist supporters. His targets included the State Department, the Army and the entertainment industry.

Senator McCarthy often had little evidence to support his accusations. Many of his charges would not have been accepted in a court of law. But the rules governing congressional hearings were different. So he was able to make his accusations freely.

AP

Senator Joseph McCarthy

Many people lost their jobs after they were denounced as communists. Some had to use false names to get work. A few went to jail briefly for refusing to cooperate with McCarthy.

The senator continued his anti-communist investigations for several years. By the early nineteen fifties, however, more people began to question his methods. Critics said he violated democratic traditions.

In nineteen fifty-four, the Senate finally voted to condemn his actions. McCarthy died three years later.

(MUSIC)

There were problems caused by the fear of communists at home. But  President Truman also had to deal with the threat of communism in other countries.

He agreed to send American aid to Greece and Turkey. He also supported continuing the Marshall Plan. That was the huge economic aid program that helped rebuild western Europe after World War Two. Many historians say the Marshall Plan prevented western Europe from becoming communist.

The defense of western Europe against Soviet communism led Truman to support the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. NATO began in nineteen forty-nine with the United States, Britain, Canada, France and eight other nations.

The treaty that created NATO stated that a military attack on any member would be considered an attack on all of them.

Truman named General Dwight Eisenhower to command the new organization. General Eisenhower had been supreme commander of Allied forces in Europe in World War Two.

In his swearing-in speech in nineteen forty-nine, Truman urged the United States to lend money to other countries to aid their development. He also wanted to share American science and technology.

In nineteen fifty-one, the president asked Congress to establish a new foreign aid program. The aid would go to countries threatened by communist forces in Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, East Asia, South Asia and Latin America. Truman believed the United States would be stronger if its allies were stronger.

President Truman believed that many of the world's problems could be settled by other means besides military force. But he supported and used military power throughout his presidency.

On June twenty-fifth, nineteen fifty, forces from North Korea invaded South Korea. Two days later, the United Nations Security Council approved a resolution urging UN members to help South Korea resist the invasion. At first President Truman agreed to send American planes and ships. Later he agreed to send American ground forces.

The president knew his decision could start World War Three if the Soviet Union entered the war on the side of communist North Korea. Yet he felt the United States had to act. Later, he said it was the most difficult decision he made as president.

Truman named Army General Douglas MacArthur to command all United Nations forces in South Korea.

Most of the fighting in the Korean War took place along the geographic line known as the thirty-eighth parallel. This line formed the border between North and South Korea.

Many victories on the battlefield were only temporary. One side would capture a hill; then the other side would recapture it.

In September of nineteen fifty, Mac Arthur led the UN land and sea attack at Inchon, pushing the North Koreans back across the border. There was hope that the war could end by Christmas, December twenty-fifth.

In late November, however, troops from China joined the North Koreans. Thousands of Chinese soldiers helped push the UN troops south. General MacArthur wanted to attack Chinese bases in Manchuria. President Truman said no. He did not want the fighting to spread beyond the Korean peninsula. Again, he feared that such a decision could start another world war.

MacArthur strongly believed he could end the war quickly by extending it to the Chinese mainland. He publicly denounced Truman’s policy, saying “There is no substitute for victory.”

Truman felt that the general left him no choice. In April of nineteen fifty-one, he dismissed MacArthur.

HARRY TRUMAN: ”It was with the deepest personal regret that I found myself compelled to take this action. General MacArthur is one of our greatest military commanders. But the cause of world peace is much more important than any individual.”

(MUSIC)

In the United States, military leaders are expected to obey their commander in chief -- the president. While some Americans approved of the general's dismissal, many others supported MacArthur. Millions greeted him when he returned to the United States. There were huge parades in his honor in San Francisco and New York.

In fact, few leaders in the twentieth century could boast the support MacArthur had. Almost seven million people attended the ticker tape parade given to him by New York City. And that almost doubled the size of the one given to another returning World War Two hero, General Dwight Eisenhower.

MacArthur gave his farewell speech to a joint session of Congress on April nineteenth, nineteen fifty-one.

DOUGLAS MacARTHUR: “I am closing my fifty-two years of military service. When I joined the Army, even before the turn of the century, it was the fulfillment of all of my boyish hopes and dreams. The world has turned over many times since I took the oath on the plain at West Point, and the hopes and dreams have long since vanished, but I still remember the refrain of one of the most popular barrack ballads of that day which proclaimed most proudly that old soldiers never die; they just fade away.

And like the old soldier of that ballad, I now close my military career and just fade away, an old soldier who tried to do his duty as God gave him the light to see that duty. Goodbye. [Applause]"

(MUSIC)

On the Korean peninsula, the war continued. Ceasefire talks began in July of nineteen fifty-one. But the conflict would last for another two years until a truce was declared. The Korean War armistice agreement was signed on July twenty-seventh, nineteen fifty-three.

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Nineteen fifty-two was a presidential election year in the United States. Harry Truman was losing popularity because of the continuing war in Korea and economic problems at home. At the same time, Dwight Eisenhower, a military hero from World War Two, was thinking of running for president as the Republican candidate.

Harry Truman had made many difficult decisions as president. In March of nineteen fifty-two, he made one more. He announced that he would not be a candidate for re-election.

The nineteen fifty-two presidential election will be our story next week.

You can find our series online with transcripts, MP3s, podcasts, and pictures at voaspecialenglish.com. And you can follow us on Facebook and Twitter at VOA Learning English. I’m Steve Ember, inviting you to join us again next week for THE MAKING OF A NATION -- American history in VOA Special English.

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Contributing: David Jarmul

This was program #203. For earlier programs, type "Making of a Nation" in quotation marks in the search box at the top of the page.  

The King and I (C1)

The King and I  (C1)

The worksheet is based on the article about The king and I

Source: www.speakup.com.br

Language level: Advanced

Standard: British accent

Speaker: Justin Ratcliffe

Interview

Source: http://www.speakup.com.br/worksheets/index2011.html

A – Before you start

Answer the questions with a partner.

1. What do you know about actor Colin Firth?

2. What films has he appeared in?  Have you seen any of them?

3. What do you think of him as an actor?

4. What do you know about his latest film, The King's Speech? Where is it set? When?  What is it about?

 

B – Listen and answer

Read these statements. Then listen (without reading) and write T (true) or F (false).

1. The film is about King George V.

2. The King's real name was Albert.

3. Colin Firth had often met members of the Royal Family before making the film.

4. When he met Prince Charles, he found him rather arrogant.

5. Colin observes that most people become nervous when they have to speak to royalty.

6. It was difficult to prepare for his film role because he didn't have a model he could study.

7. Firth has always been interested in the affairs of the Royal Family.

8. He wasn't surprised at the public outburst of emotion caused by Princess Diana's death.

9. He thinks the Royal Family have a right to their privacy.

10. According to Firth, the idea that the British have always repressed their emotions is false.  

C – Read and answer

Read the whole of the interview and answer the questions.

1. Why wasn't Prince Albert prepared for his role as king?

2. What impression does Prince Charles make on the people that meet him at an event?

3. What role does his private secretary play on these occasions?

4. What do other people look like to a member of the Royal Family, according to Colin Firth?

5. What did Colin do to find out about the life of a king?

6. Why was the Palace criticised for not flying the flag at half-mast after the death of Princess Diana?

7. Why does Firth mention the Rolling Stones?

8. What effect did this particular film role have on him? Why?

9. How has the way medical science views stammering changed since the 1930s?

10. Are Logue's methods still considered valid? Why (not)?

D – Learn it! Use it!

Complete these sentences with words from the glossary. (You may have to adapt the expression in some way.)

1. The test seems easier this year. I think they've _________  the standards.

2. I'm behind with my work so I'm working through my lunchtime to _________  _________. 

3. The little girl went to sleep  _________ her teddy bear tightly.

4. Tom was _________ by the news that all his hard work had been useless.

5. If you think that's the way to deal with the problem you're on the wrong _________.

6. A fight _________   _________ in the pub the other evening.

7. The company is trying to _________ the image of manufacturers of cheap, low quality goods.

8. Wow! We were really _________ by the beautiful restoration work on the cathedral.

E - Ready for CAE? (Paper 3: Use of English, Part 5)

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. Use between 3 and 6 words including the word given.

Example:          The film tells the story of  George VI. Tom Hooper is the director.

DIRECTED           The film, which is directed by Tom Hooper, tells the story of George VI.

1.                     He would have led a relatively obscure life.

FOR                  He was _______________________________ obscurity.

2.                     The idea that he would have to make public speeches traumatised him.

SPEAK              The idea of ____________________________  traumatised him.

3.                     They asked Firth how he had prepared for the role.

HIS                     Firth ____________________________  for the role.

4.                     Prince Charles's private secretary was showing him around.

USHERED             Prince Charles  __________________________ private secretary.

5.                     The secretary would be checking to see that he didn't get too long with one person.

MAKING              The secretary ________________________ he didn't get too long with one person. .

6.                     You don't have the chance to meet kings and spend a lot of time with them.

AROUND             You don't get to  ________________________ them.

7.                     That's the impression you get of the world.

LOOKS              That's what _______________________ you.

8.                     Something physical is happening in the brain.

THAT                    There's something  _________________________ physical.

F - Talk about it

In pairs or groups.

1. Have you ever made a public speech?

2.  If so, how did you feel about it?/If not, how would you feel if you had to?

3. What makes a good public speaker in your opinion?  Can you name any examples?

4. Can you think of any speeches which have become famous the world over? On what occasion were they made? By whom? Why did they become famous? 

A Memorial Fit for a King Opens in Washington

Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial on the National Mall in Washington

Source: http://www.voanews.com/learningenglish/home/us-history/A-Memorial-Fit-for-a-King-Opens-in-Washington-128428218.html

DOUG JOHNSON: Welcome to AMERICAN MOSAIC in VOA Special English. I’m Doug Johnson. Today on our show, we play new music from Jay-Z and Kanye West. We also answer a question about Martin Luther King, Jr. And we tell about a memorial honoring the civil rights leader.

(MUSIC)

Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial

DOUG JOHNSON: A memorial to honor Martin Luther King opened to the public this week in Washington. An official dedication ceremony with President Obama was set for this Sunday. But the event has been postponed because of the threat to the East Coast from Hurricane Irene.

Sunday marks the forty-eighth anniversary of an historic protest in Washington. On that day, Martin Luther King gave his famous “I Have a Dream” speech from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.

AP

Martin Luther King Jr. gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to hundreds of thousands of marchers gathered at the Lincoln Memorial in 1963

MARTIN LUTHER KING: “I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.’ I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream.”

Katherine Cole tells us about the memorial.

KATHERINE COLE: The new monument sits on one point six hectares of land on Washington’s National Mall. It is a short walk from memorials to two presidents: Abraham Lincoln and Thomas Jefferson.

Two large stones stand on each side of the entrance to the Martin Luther King memorial. Together they make up what is called the “Mountain of Despair.” The name was taken from Dr. King’s most famous speech.

The centerpiece of the memorial is a nine meter tall statue called the “Stone of Hope.” The stone image shows the likeness of the man considered one of the most influential civil rights leaders of the twentieth century.

Words from Dr King’s “I Have a Dream” speech also appear on one side of the statue. They read: “Out of the mountain of despair, a stone of hope.” The other side of the statue recognizes his efforts. It reads: “I was a drum major for justice, peace and righteousness.” Other famous words from his speeches appear on a granite wall that circles the memorial.

It has taken more than twenty-five years to plan for and build the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial. During that time, the project has faced its own “mountains of despair.” These include delays because of money problems, disagreements about the design and questions over the choice of a Chinese artist to make the statue. Lei Yixin was the lead sculptor for the memorial.

Harry Johnson heads the foundation that was responsible for raising the one hundred twenty million dollars needed to complete the project. He explains why his group chose Lei Yixin to do the work.

HARRY JOHNSON: "We chose him because we really believe that Dr. King’s message is true, that you should not judge a person by the color of his skin but by the content of his character. In these terms, we are thinking artistic character.”

The new monument is the first on the National Mall to honor a man of peace, and a person of color. Mr. Johnson says the memorial will make a powerful statement about the progress the country has made on civil rights.

MARTIN LUTHER KING: "I just want to do God’s Will. And he’s allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I’ve looked over. And I’ve seen the promised land. I may not get there with you but I want you to know tonight that we as a people will get to the promised land.”

(MUSIC)

DOUG JOHNSON: Our question this week is also about Dr. King. Van Nguyen of Vietnam and Sobhei Jemma Belal of Sudan want to know about the life of the civil rights activist.

Martin Luther King, Junior was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on January fifteenth, nineteen twenty-nine. He attended Morehouse College. At the time, Morehouse was one of the few southern colleges that accepted blacks. He studied Indian independence leader Mohandas Gandhi and the American writer and philosopher Henry David Thoreau. He thought their ideas about nonviolence and disobedience could be used to win equal rights for black Americans. Gandhi believed in peacefully refusing to obey unjust laws. Thoreau had written that people should to be prepared to go to prison for their beliefs.

Martin Luther King’s life as a civil rights leader began with the famous protest by Rosa Parks in nineteen fifty-nine. At that time, black people in Montgomery, Alabama had to sit in the back of public buses. Rosa Parks took a seat near the front and refused to move. She was arrested.

Martin Luther King organized a protest to support Rosa Parks. He urged black people to boycott the buses in Montgomery. That boycott lasted three hundred eighty-two days.

Finally, the United States Supreme Court ruled that racial separation in the Montgomery bus system was unconstitutional. The ruling gave black Americans a new feeling of satisfaction and unity. They saw that peaceful protest could be used as a tool to win their legal rights.

The civil rights movement spread fast. A group of black clergymen formed an organization to guide it. Dr. King became president of this organization, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. In the years that followed, he helped organize many protests in the South.

AP

Martin Luther King, Jr. and other civil rights activists during a five day, 50 mile march to Alabama's capital, Montgomery, to protest unfair voting laws

A nineteen sixty-three protest in Birmingham, Alabama brought unwanted attention to the city. Many protesters were beaten and arrested. Soon, white politicians saw that it was easier to meet the demands of the protesters than to fight them.

That victory for Dr. King and his followers marked another turning point for the civil rights movement. Shortly after that, he organized the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.

About two hundred fifty thousand people gathered in the capital. They heard Martin Luther King give his most famous speech, “I Have a Dream.” He talked about his dream for the future.

Dr. King received the Nobel Peace Prize in nineteen sixty-four. In the years that followed, he continued to work for equality for all Americans.

On April fourth, nineteen sixty-eight, Dr. King was shot in the neck as he stood on the balcony of a Memphis hotel. He had gone there to lead protests in support of black sanitation workers. Dr. King always felt he would die a violent death. But he never believed that his life was more important than the civil rights movement.

MARTIN LUTHER KING: “So I’m happy tonight. I’m not worried about anything. I’m not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord.”

(MUSIC)

DOUG JOHNSON: “Watch the Throne” is a new album from two of the biggest stars in the world of music today, Jay-Z and Kanye West. The two have worked together on several projects in the past. But, “Watch the Throne” is their first joint album. Barbara Klein plays some of the new music.

BARBARA KLEIN: Kanye West started talking publicly about plans for a recording with Jay-Z a year ago. He and Jay-Z started recording “Watch the Throne” in November of last year. And they did the work in several cities around the world.

AP

Kanye West, left, and Jay-Z performing together last year

The new album was released on August eighth. But the song “Otis” was released in late July. It uses some of Otis Redding’s recording of “Try a Little Tenderness.”

(MUSIC)

Last month, Jay-Z asked a few reporters to listen to the new music. He said his favorite song on the album at the time was this one, “No Church in the Wild.”

(MUSIC)

We leave you Kanye West and Jay-Z performing “Made in America,” from their album “Watch the Throne.”

(MUSIC)

DOUG JOHNSON: I’m Doug Johnson. Our program was written by June Simms and Caty Weaver, who was also our producer. Join us again next week for music and more on AMERICAN MOSAIC in VOA Special English
.